Center for Watershed Protection and the Chesapeake Stormwater Network. Hirschman DH, Collins KA, Schueler T (2008) Technical memorandum: the runoff reduction method. Ellicott City: Center for Watershed Protection Hirschman DH, Kosco J (2008) Managing stormwater in your community: a guide for building an effective post-construction program, EPA publication number: 833-R-08-001. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC Environmental Protection Agency (2006) Protecting water resources with higher density development. Center for Watershed Protection, Ellicott City Winer-Skonovd R, Hirschman D, Kwon HY, Swann C (2006) Synthesis of existing cost information for LID vs. MacMullin E, Reich S (2007) The economics of low impact development: a literature review. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC, Environmental Protection Agency (2015) Smart growth and economic success: investing in infill development. Ĭenter for Watershed Protection (1998) Better site design: a handbook for changing development rules in your community. Department of Environmental Resources, Programs and Planning Division. Prince George’s County, Maryland (1999) Low-impact development design strategies: an integrated design approach. Virginia Department of Environmental Quality. Virginia Department of Environmental Quality (2011) Virginia stormwater BMP clearinghouse, design specification #14, wet pond, version 1.9, figure 14.1. Department of Agriculture, Urban hydrology for small watersheds, Technical release 55. Department of Agriculture Natural Resource Conservation Service (1986) U.S. Department of Agriculture Natural Resource Conservation Service (2007) National engineering handbook: Part 630 hydrology chapter 16, hydrographs. NRCS (1986) National engineering handbook part 630 hydrology. Center for Watershed Protection, Ellicott CityĬhester County, PA Planning Commission (1995) Rural community design guide. Ĭenter for Watershed Protection (2004) Urban subwatershed restoration manual 4: urban stream repair practices, version 1.0, figure 3 watts branch stream cross-section. Environmental Protection Agency (2003) Protecting water quality from urban runoff, document no. Schueler T, Fraley-McNeal L, Cappiella K (2009) Is impervious cover still important? Review of recent research. Department of Agriculture (2004) Riparian restoration, Ellen Eubanks, Landscape Architect 2300 Recreation, 0423-1201-SDTDC Jones DE Jr (1967) Urban hydrology – a redirection, civil engineering. Federal Highway Administration, Washington DC Water Planning Division, Washington, DC, įederal Highway Administration (1979) Design of urban highway drainage FHWA-TS-79-225. Environmental Protection Agency (1983) Results of the nationwide urban runoff program. This chapter will outline the evolution of stormwater management regulatory goals and the corresponding design strategies and include examples of how these approaches are changing the structural and nonstructural design of the urban landscape. These new strategies have certainly been elevated to prominence by virtue of the hydrologic benefits but also by the integration of stormwater management into Clean Water Act permits and Total Maximum Daily Loads (TMDLs) assigned to impaired urban streams and receiving waterbodies. The approach demands that stormwater design reach beyond sole reliance on engineering, as the new best management practices (BMPs) include site design strategies that incorporate elements of soil science, horticulture, landscape architecture, and, importantly, site planning. The volume reduction strategy, referred to as “runoff reduction,” has been adopted as a regulatory standard in some parts of the USA, along with new stormwater practice design specifications and computational methods. The milestones of this evolution include the addition of stormwater quality treatment as a regulatory standard and, more recently, a focus on reducing the overall volume of runoff through the use of small-scale, distributed management practices (often under the banner of Low-Impact Development or Environmental Site Design). As the regulatory climate changed over time, so did design philosophy, along with the types of management practices, the computational methods, and the prominence of stormwater management as an integral part of the overall site planning process. Initially, stormwater management concerned itself primarily with abating downstream flooding and was the sole domain of engineers. The practice of urban stormwater management has evolved over the course of several decades.
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